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    <title>Joseph Sonnabend, MD</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/" />
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    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2009-03-02:/joseph//36</id>
    <updated>2011-12-10T22:47:50Z</updated>
    <subtitle>Physician and AIDS Researcher</subtitle>
    <generator uri="http://www.sixapart.com/movabletype/">Movable Type 4.34-en</generator>

<entry>
    <title>Dual HIV  Infection </title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2011/12/dual_hiv_infection.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2011:/joseph//36.33089</id>

    <published>2011-12-10T16:40:02Z</published>
    <updated>2011-12-10T22:47:50Z</updated>

    <summary>We have known for quite a long time that it&apos;s possible to be infected with HIV more than once.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        We have known for quite a long time that it&apos;s possible to be infected with HIV more than once.
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>HIV and Herpes Viruses</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2011/10/hiv_and_herpes_virus.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2011:/joseph//36.33019</id>

    <published>2011-10-18T16:38:55Z</published>
    <updated>2011-10-18T20:43:57Z</updated>

    <summary>These trials of the effects of anti-herpes treatment on HIV also represent missed research opportunities.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        These trials of the effects of anti-herpes treatment on HIV also represent missed research opportunities.
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>PrEP Trial Reports: iPrEx</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2011/08/prep_trial_reports_i_1.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2011:/joseph//36.32911</id>

    <published>2011-08-03T15:41:00Z</published>
    <updated>2011-08-03T16:35:52Z</updated>

    <summary>Too often the results of prevention trials are presented in ways that exaggerate the benefits of an intervention, and information is withheld that would allow us to more realistically understand the degree to which risk is reduced.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        Too often the results of prevention trials are presented in ways that exaggerate the benefits of an intervention, and information is withheld that would allow us to more realistically understand the degree to which risk is reduced.
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Treatment as Prevention: Protecting patient autonomy</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2011/06/treatment_as_prevent_1.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2011:/joseph//36.32826</id>

    <published>2011-06-07T12:53:30Z</published>
    <updated>2011-06-08T21:11:25Z</updated>

    <summary>Patient autonomy is just a particular instance of individual autonomy, a term that may sound pretty dry and academic but if we used the term individual freedom we would essentially be talking about the same thing. </summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
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    <category term="patientautonomy" label="patient autonomy" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="personalautonomy" label="personal autonomy" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="prevention" label="prevention" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="treatmentasprevention" label="treatment as prevention" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        Patient autonomy is just a particular instance of individual autonomy, a term that may sound pretty dry and academic but if we used the term individual freedom we would essentially be talking about the same thing. 
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Interferon and AIDS:  Too much of a good thing</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2011/05/interferon_and_aids.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2011:/joseph//36.32791</id>

    <published>2011-05-07T12:27:39Z</published>
    <updated>2011-06-08T21:09:36Z</updated>

    <summary>Interferon is produced in response to viral infections as a first line of defence.  But in addition to its antiviral properties interferon also has widespread effects on the immune system and elsewhere, some of which can be harmful if prolonged. </summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        Interferon is produced in response to viral infections as a first line of defence.  But in addition to its antiviral properties interferon also has widespread effects on the immune system and elsewhere, some of which can be harmful if prolonged. 
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Anal Cancer and HIV</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2011/03/_kaposis_sarcoma_ks.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2011:/joseph//36.32694</id>

    <published>2011-03-05T14:08:38Z</published>
    <updated>2011-06-08T21:13:38Z</updated>

    <summary>I was prompted to write this entry after reading an important report about HIV and anal cancer which has just appeared in an advance access edition of the Journal, Clinical Infectious Diseases. </summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        I was prompted to write this entry after reading an important report about HIV and anal cancer which has just appeared in an advance access edition of the Journal, Clinical Infectious Diseases. 
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Remembering the Original AZT Trial</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2011/01/_v_behaviorurldefaul.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2011:/joseph//36.3251</id>

    <published>2011-01-29T17:07:53Z</published>
    <updated>2011-06-08T21:15:11Z</updated>

    <summary>Today, I&apos;m going back 24 years to recall - with the help of a few contemporary documents, a significant event in the history of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.  This was the introduction of AZT, the first drug to be approved for the treatment of HIV infection. </summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        Today, I&apos;m going back 24 years to recall - with the help of a few contemporary documents, a significant event in the history of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.  This was the introduction of AZT, the first drug to be approved for the treatment of HIV infection. 
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>PrEP iPrEx Trial Reports</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2010/11/iprex_prep_trial_rep.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2010:/joseph//36.3154</id>

    <published>2010-11-25T13:09:06Z</published>
    <updated>2011-06-08T21:16:11Z</updated>

    <summary>I may as well jump in immediately: The iPrEx trial of pre-exposure prophylaxis is a failure. Maybe a shocking statement in view of the universally jubilant press reports.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
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    <category term="truvada" label="Truvada" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        I may as well jump in immediately: The iPrEx trial of pre-exposure prophylaxis is a failure. Maybe a shocking statement in view of the universally jubilant press reports.
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Censorship and AIDS</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2010/11/censorship_and_aids.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2010:/joseph//36.3149</id>

    <published>2010-11-24T15:40:50Z</published>
    <updated>2011-06-08T21:17:12Z</updated>

    <summary>Rather than attempt to deprive Gary Null of his right to free expression the signatories of the letter might consider some of the reasons why his messages might receive a sympathetic hearing among some, with a view to countering those we can.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    <category term="denialism" label="denialism" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="garynull" label="Gary Null" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    <category term="wbai" label="WBAI" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#tag" />
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        Rather than attempt to deprive Gary Null of his right to free expression the signatories of the letter might consider some of the reasons why his messages might receive a sympathetic hearing among some, with a view to countering those we can.
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Natural Immunity and HIV</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2010/10/natural_immunity_and_1.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2010:/joseph//36.3100</id>

    <published>2010-10-19T14:21:04Z</published>
    <updated>2011-06-08T21:18:55Z</updated>

    <summary>By 1981 we had come to understand that infection and disease are not synonymous terms.  But it almost seemed that this important lesson learned at least a century ago had somehow been ignored by some of those producing a detailed picture of the course of HIV infection at a time when so little was known about it. </summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        By 1981 we had come to understand that infection and disease are not synonymous terms.  But it almost seemed that this important lesson learned at least a century ago had somehow been ignored by some of those producing a detailed picture of the course of HIV infection at a time when so little was known about it. 
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>HIV Origins</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2010/09/hiv_origins.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2010:/joseph//36.3046</id>

    <published>2010-09-20T13:52:39Z</published>
    <updated>2010-09-20T16:32:59Z</updated>

    <summary>The HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics originated from cross species jumps from two different non-human primates.  Attempts have been made, in the case of HIV-1, to pinpoint in time when the fateful transfer occurred, as if it were a unique event, rather than something that has probably happened countless times. </summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        The HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics originated from cross species jumps from two different non-human primates.  Attempts have been made, in the case of HIV-1, to pinpoint in time when the fateful transfer occurred, as if it were a unique event, rather than something that has probably happened countless times. 
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title> CMV, HIV and Immune Activation </title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2010/08/cmv_hiv_and_immune_a.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2010:/joseph//36.2995</id>

    <published>2010-08-05T18:51:56Z</published>
    <updated>2010-08-05T19:42:43Z</updated>

    <summary>Always on the lookout for information on cytomegalovirus (CMV) an article entitled &quot;Human Cytomegalovirus Induces Systemic Immune Activation Characterized by a Type I Cytokine Signature&quot; caught my eye this morning prompting yet another post, this time a short one on the role of CMV in HIV disease. </summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        Always on the lookout for information on cytomegalovirus (CMV) an article entitled &quot;Human Cytomegalovirus Induces Systemic Immune Activation Characterized by a Type I Cytokine Signature&quot; caught my eye this morning prompting yet another post, this time a short one on the role of CMV in HIV disease. 
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>The DHHS HIV Treatment Guidelines:  A questionable revision that is unquestionably unaffordable.</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2010/07/the_dhhs_hiv_treatme.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2010:/joseph//36.2947</id>

    <published>2010-07-13T17:28:50Z</published>
    <updated>2010-07-13T20:54:16Z</updated>

    <summary>The opinions of the guidelines panel and others who favour starting treatment  at higher numbers are most certainly not held by all experts in HIV medicine...</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        The opinions of the guidelines panel and others who favour starting treatment  at higher numbers are most certainly not held by all experts in HIV medicine...
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Pathogenesis of HIV disease.  More on co-infections.</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2010/06/pathogenesis_of_hiv.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2010:/joseph//36.2924</id>

    <published>2010-06-26T15:30:56Z</published>
    <updated>2010-06-28T13:37:17Z</updated>

    <summary>The reason I&apos;m returning to this topic is that today I saw an article in the current Lancet Infectious Diseases entitled  &quot;Effect of treating co-infections on HIV-1 viral loads: a systematic review&quot;.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/">
        The reason I&apos;m returning to this topic is that today I saw an article in the current Lancet Infectious Diseases entitled  &quot;Effect of treating co-infections on HIV-1 viral loads: a systematic review&quot;.
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>An unethical study?</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://blogs.poz.com/joseph/archives/2010/05/an_unethical_study.html" />
    <id>tag:blogs.poz.com,2010:/joseph//36.2839</id>

    <published>2010-05-18T14:10:14Z</published>
    <updated>2010-05-18T17:40:52Z</updated>

    <summary>The combination of TB and HIV is devastating. Both are bad enough on their own, but together, each makes the other even more dangerous. This destructive combination is seen more frequently in South Africa than anywhere else in the world.</summary>
    <author>
        <name>Joseph Sonnabend</name>
        
    </author>
    
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        The combination of TB and HIV is devastating. Both are bad enough on their own, but together, each makes the other even more dangerous. This destructive combination is seen more frequently in South Africa than anywhere else in the world.
    </content>
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